We routinely develop ‘full stack’ web applications and web servers, either to present material interactively in 2D or 3D (see our open source framework ‘Timemap’), or to leverage the web in some other way for an investigation (see ‘Datasheet Server’).
We use a range of languages and frameworks for these technologies, including Node, Python, Go, React, Vue, and ThreeJS.
I.112 The Index of Repression
Updated 25 Feb 2026 - Date of Incident
- 2019 – Ongoing
- Location
- Germany
- Forums
- Legal Process, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- European Legal Support Center (ELSC)
- Summary
- For decades, across Europe and the US, acts of solidarity with Palestine have been silenced by states, and by institutions. Since the genocide in Gaza escalated, from October 2023 onwards, incidents of repression have increased across civil society. The Index presents data collected by the ELSC, drawing patterns between almost 2,000 such incidents, in the UK and Germany.
I.109 A Cartography of Genocide: Israel's Conduct in Gaza since October 2023
Updated 08 Oct 2025 - Date of Incident
- 07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
- Location
- Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Legal Process, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Since October 2023, we have closely monitored Israel’s military campaign in Gaza and the resulting extensive civilian harm. Comprehensive cartographic analysis, published as a web platform and in-depth report, reveals patterns of violence which indicate a systematic and organised campaign to destroy life, conditions necessary for life, and life-sustaining infrastructure.
I.116 The Architecture of Genocidal Starvation
- Date of Incident
- 18 Mar 2025 – 01 Aug 2025
- Location
- Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- United Nations, Parliamentary Inquiry
- In Partnership With
- World Peace Foundation
- Summary
- A ceasefire is not enough. The Israeli military’s weaponisation of aid and starvation to displace and destroy Palestinian society will not stop as long as Israel controls aid distribution. We show how Israel has imposed a deadly aid system through GHF ration stations, while dismantling a proven civilian-led model, to concentrate Palestinians in Rafah and push Gazan society toward collapse.
I.110 The Evros/Meriç River: A Century of Border Design
- Date of Incident
- 1926 – 2025
- Location
- Evros/Meriç river, Greece/Turkey
- Forums
- Web Platform
- In Partnership With
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- First drawn a century ago, the border that separates Greece from Turkey along the Evros/Meriç river at the EU’s southeastern frontier is deadlier and more opaque than ever. FA/Forensis built an interactive platform that unpacks this complex and lethal border infrastructure, and examines the present-day condition of the border against the transformation of the river landscape over the past century.
I.106 Chemical Fire at Marathon Refinery
- Date of Incident
- 24 Aug 2023 – 28 Aug 2023
- Location
- Garyville, Louisiana, USA
- Forums
- Media, Web Platform
- In Partnership With
- The Guardian, Earthjustice, Healthy Gulf, Louisiana Bucket Brigade, The Descendants Project, Boundless Community Action
- Summary
- When a leaking petrochemical tank at the Marathon Petroleum refinery in Louisiana’s ‘Cancer Alley’ caught fire, it produced a thick plume of toxic smoke that spread for miles over neighbouring communities. Authorities claimed that nearby residents were unaffected, even as reports of severe health impacts emerged. Fearing a cover-up, some of those residents asked FA to investigate.
Attacks on Aid in Gaza: Preliminary Findings
- Date
- 08 Oct 2023 – 25 Apr 2024
- Summary
- As part of an in-depth investigation into Israel’s attacks on aid in Gaza since October 2023, we are releasing a series of preliminary findings and a map of the attacks we have documented to date. Our analysis shows the systematic targeting of civilians seeking aid, aid infrastructure, aid convoys, and personnel responsible for aid distribution.
I.100 Humanitarian Violence in Gaza
- Date of Incident
- 07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
- Location
- Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Legal Process, Human Rights Report, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Since 7 October 2023, the Israeli military has abused and weaponised humanitarian measures such as ‘evacuation orders’, ‘safe routes’, and ‘safe zones’ to facilitate the systematic mass displacement of the Palestinian civilian population toward the southern border of Gaza.
I.84 Drift-backs in the Aegean Sea
- Date of Incident
- March 2020 – Ongoing
- Location
- Aegean Sea
- Forums
- Legal Process, Human Rights Report, Media, Parliamentary Inquiry, Web Platform
- In Partnership With
- Forensis
- Summary
- Asylum seekers crossing the Aegean Sea are intercepted within Greek waters or arrested after they arrive on Greek shores, beaten, stripped of their possessions, and then forcefully loaded onto life rafts and left to drift back to the Turkish coast. FA/Forensis verified and mapped evidence for over 2000 such ‘drift-backs’, demonstrating the scale of this violent and illegal border defence practice.
I.97 Destruction of Medical Infrastructure in Gaza
- Date of Incident
- 07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
- Location
- Gaza, Palestine
- Forums
- Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report, Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Since 7 October 2023, we have aggregated news reports of Israeli military attacks on medical infrastructure in Gaza. Our analysis suggests that hospitals in Gaza have been subjected to a pattern of intimidation, direct targeting, siege, and occupation by the Israeli military over the course of the 2023 invasion.
I.95 The Pylos Shipwreck
- Date of Incident
- 13 Jun 2023 – 14 Jun 2023
- Location
- Mediterranean Sea, Greece
- Forums
- Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- On 14 June 2023, a boat carrying hundreds of migrants sank inside the Greek search and rescue zone in the Mediterranean Sea—the deadliest migrant shipwreck in recent history. Our digital reconstruction of the boat and mapping of its trajectory reveal inconsistencies in the Hellenic Coast Guard’s (HCG) account and indicate that over 600 people drowned as the result of a failed towing by the HCG.
I.83 Sheikh Jarrah: Ethnic Cleansing in Jerusalem
- Date of Incident
- 12 May 2021
- Location
- Sheikh Jarrah, Jerusalem
- Forums
- Media
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- This interactive urban narrative explains the ways in which Palestinian families in Sheikh Jarrah are being forcibly displaced, and their struggle with Israeli courts and settler groups. The story traverses multiple scales starting from homes invaded by settlers, and moves to the street, neighbourhood, city and the land, showing how colonial practices and apartheid planning displace Palestinians.
I.78 Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: The Case of Parvin
- Date of Incident
- 01 Feb 2020
- Location
- Evros/Meriç river, Greek-Turkish border
- Forums
- Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report, Media
- Commissioned By
- European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
- Summary
- At Europe’s southeastern river border, migrants report being beaten, detained, and illegally ‘pushed back’ to Turkey from Greece by unidentified masked men. Greek and EU authorities refuse to investigate. We worked with Parvin, a young woman from Iran, to analyse evidence she had gathered during her crossings and reconstruct her journey and experiences of ‘pushback’.
I.76 Dispossession and The Memory of the Earth: Land Dispossession in Nueva Colonia
- Date of Incident
- 1960s to the present day
- Location
- Nueva Colonia, Urabá Antioqueño, Colombia
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition, Human Rights Report, Truth Commission, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- The Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence and Non-Repetition of Colombia
- Summary
- This investigation shows how the dispossession of campesino farmers in the Urabá Antioqueño region of Nueva Colonia was achieved by a combination of physical violence, environmental transformations and legal means.
I.73 Digital Violence: How the NSO Group Enables State Terror
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jan 2015 – Ongoing
- Location
- At least 45 countries worldwide
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition, Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Supported by Amnesty International and the Citizen Lab, Forensic Architecture’s Digital Violence investigation is a multidimensional study of the global use of the malware Pegasus made by Israeli cyber-surveillance company NSO Group.
I.71 European Arms in the Bombing of Yemen
- Date of Incident
- 26 Mar 2015 – Ongoing
- Location
- Yemen
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition, Human Rights Report, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
- Summary
- Since 2015, airstrikes by the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen have constituted grave human rights violations. Partners across the Investigative Commons developed an interactive map to reveal the extent to which arms producers and governments in Europe continue to profit from arms exports despite evidence of their substantial contribution to the military operations of the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen.
I.62 Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: Situated Testimony
- Date of Incident
- 01 Oct 2016
- Location
- Evros/Meriç river, Greek-Turkish border
- Forums
- Legal Process, Human Rights Report, Media
- In Partnership With
- HumanRights360
- Summary
- At Europe’s southeastern river border, migrants report being beaten, detained, and illegally ‘pushed back’ to Turkey from Greece by unidentified masked men. Greek and EU authorities refuse to investigate. We used architectural and gaming software to gather evidence that proves the practice is widespread and systematic.
The Case of Kuzey: Evidence
- Date
- 19.10.2020
- Summary
- The case of Kuzey.
The Case of Fady: Evidence
- Date
- 19.10.2020
- Summary
- The case of Fady.
I.56 Cloud Studies
- Date
- 2008 - Ongoing
- Summary
- Toxic clouds colonise the air we breathe.
I.54 Model Zoo
- Date of Incident
- Various
- Location
- Various
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- In Partnership With
- Bellingcat, Amnesty International, Open source contributors
- Summary
- Since 2018, Forensic Architecture has been working with ‘synthetic images’—photorealistic digital renderings of 3D models—to train machine learning classifiers. Model Zoo includes a growing collection of 3D models of munitions and weapons, as well as the different classifiers trained to identify them making a catalogue of some of the most horrific weapons used in conflict today.
I.46 The Battle of Ilovaisk
- Date of Incident
- 24 Aug 2014 – 03 Sep 2014
- Location
- Ilovaisk, Ukraine
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media
- Commissioned By
- European Human Rights Advocacy Centre (EHRAC)
- Summary
- The victory of pro-Russian separatists over the Ukrainian army in the battle for control of Ilovaisk was a defining moment in the 2014 conflict in eastern Ukraine. We used machine learning to search for evidence of Russian military involvement.
I.44 Conquer and Divide
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jan 1967 – Ongoing
- Location
- Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Web Platform
- In Partnership With
- B’Tselem
- Summary
- In 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In the five decades that followed, the state of Israel has chipped away at Palestinian space through legislative, legal, and military means, restricting the freedoms of Palestinian civilians, and denying them their rights. In partnership with B'Tselem, we told that story through an interactive, scrolling cartography.
I.6 Using Timemap for Cartographic Platforms
- Date
- 15.05.2019
- Summary
- Timemap and datasheet-server work together to interactively serve geospatial events from a Google Sheet. The sheet must be formatted appropriately for this to work. This tutorial will walk you through setting up for this example Google Sheet.
I.43 Triple-Chaser
- Date of Incident
- 26 Nov 2018
- Location
- Tijuana-San Diego border, US/Mexico; Gaza, Palestine; and around the world
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- In Partnership With
- Praxis Films
- Summary
- When US border agents fired tear gas grenades at civilians, including children, photographs linked the grenades to the Safariland Group, which is owned by Warren B. Kanders, the vice chair of the board of trustees of the Whitney Museum of American Art. In response to our invitation to the Whitney Biennial 2019, we developed machine learning classifiers to search for Safariland munitions online.
I.3 Computer Vision in Triple Chaser
- Date
- 30 Nov 2018
- Summary
- For our contribution to the 2019 Whitney Biennial at New York’s Whitney Museum of American Art, we developed a machine learning and computer vision workflow to identify tear gas grenades in digital images. We focused on a specific brand of tear gas grenade: the Triple-Chaser CS grenade in the catalogue of Defense Technology, which is a leading manufacturer of ‘less-lethal’ munitions.
I.2 Experiments in Synthetic Data
- Date
- 06 Nov 2018
- Summary
- In many investigative contexts, the abundance of potentially relevant data presents a significant challenge to constructing a case. To this end, we use machine learning tools where appropriate to channel investigative resources effectively when processing footage from YouTube, Vimeo, or other media sources.
I.33 The Killing of Óscar Pérez
- Date of Incident
- 15 Jan 2018
- Location
- El Junquito, Venezuela
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- Bellingcat
- Summary
- A former intelligence agent turned rebel live-streamed his final hours on social media during a tense stand-off with security forces in El Junquito, near Caracas. We used that footage to try to answer: did the agent try to surrender? Were he and his group murdered by the state?
I.30 The Grenfell Tower Fire
- Date of Incident
- 14 Jun 2017
- Location
- London, UK
- Forums
- Media
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- The Grenfell Tower fire was unprecedented in UK history—not least because of the scale of publicly available information about the night. We are building an interactive platform that will synthesise that information to create the most comprehensive account of what exactly happened that night.
I.28 The Enforced Disappearance of the Ayotzinapa Students
- Date of Incident
- 26 Sep 2014 – 27 Sep 2014
- Location
- Iguala, Mexico
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Centro Prodh, Equipo Argentino de Antropología Forense, EAAF
- Summary
- When Mexican police and local organised crime coordinated to attack a group of students, six people were murdered, forty wounded and forty-three 'disappeared'. We built an interactive platform to explore what happened that night, and to expose the inconsistencies in the state’s investigation of its own involvement in one of the most shocking moments of violence in the history of modern Mexico.
I.26 Destruction and Return in al-Araqib
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jan 2010 – Ongoing
- Location
- al-Araqib, Negev/Naqab desert
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition
- Commissioned By
- The Village of al-Araqib
- Summary
- The Bedouin village of al-Araqib has been demolished over 120 times since 1954. Every time, the villagers return. Using aerial imagery and archaeological surveys, and in collaboration of local families, we provided evidence of ongoing inhabitation, against their dispossession by the Israeli state
I.18 Torture in Saydnaya Prison
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jan 2011 – 08 Dec 2024
- Location
- Saydnaya, Syria
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition, Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Amnesty International
- Summary
- Since the start of the Syrian Civil War, thousands of Syrians have been detained, tortured and executed at the notorious Saydnaya Prison. Using architectural and acoustic modelling, we worked with five survivors to rebuild the prison and explore their memories of life and death inside its walls.
I.14 Pattrn: Open source software for citizen-driven mapping
- Date of Incident
- n/a
- Location
- —
- Forums
- Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- PATTRN is an open-source software developed by Forensic Architecture to support participatory, real-time, citizen-led mapping in conflict zones.
I.13 The Gaza Platform: Israel's 2014 offensive
- Date of Incident
- 08 Jul 2014 – 26 Aug 2014
- Location
- Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Amnesty International
- Summary
- Over 2000 people died in under 2 months during the Israeli assault on Gaza. Working with local and international NGOs, we built a platform to map almost 3000 individual events, creating a public repository of testimony and data about the offensive—and a template for documenting future conflicts.
I.7 The Drone Strikes Platform
- Date of Incident
- 01 Nov 2014 – 01 Nov 2014
- Location
- Federally Administered Tribal Area, Pakistan
- Forums
- United Nations, Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Bureau of Investigative Journalism
- Summary
- Civilian homes were the target of sixty-one percent of all reported drone strikes conducted by the CIA in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas between 2004 and 2014. We turned a database of those strikes, compiled by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, into an interactive cartography.