The incidents we investigate are often only captured partially by video or audio evidence, and often the most important moments take place ‘off camera’, in the time and space between the documentation that exists.
In such cases, an ‘image-data complex’ is a means by which Forensic Architecture’s investigators can arrange, process and cross-reference that material. An image-data complex is an arrangement of individual pieces of evidence within a digital architectural model, in which, through processes of synchronisation and geo-location, accurate relationships of time and space between those pieces can be established.
The models themselves then become databases that allow our researchers to navigate between multiple sources of evidence.
I.121 Airstrikes on Minab Primary School
- Date of Incident
- 28 Feb 2026
- Location
- Shajareh Tayyebeh School, Minab, Iran
- Forums
- Media
- Commissioned By
- Full Story Films
- Summary
- At least 121 children were killed at their primary school in the city of Minab on the first day of the 2026 US-Israeli war against Iran. Following calls from bereaved families and working with Sky News, we reconstructed the circumstances surrounding the airstrikes that claimed their lives.
I.120 The Massacre of Aid Workers in Tel al-Sultan
- Date of Incident
- 23 Mar 2025
- Location
- Tel al-Sultan, Gaza
- Forums
- Human Rights Report, Media
- In Partnership With
- Earshot
- Summary
- On 23 March 2025 in Tel al-Sultan, Gaza, Israeli forces massacred fifteen Palestinian aid workers travelling in clearly marked humanitarian vehicles, later burying their bodies and vehicles in a shallow mass grave. FA and Earshot worked with the Palestine Red Crescent Society and survivors of the massacre to reconstruct the incident with unprecedented precision.
I.113 Return to al-Ma'in
- Date of Incident
- 14 May 1948 – Ongoing
- Location
- Al-Ma'in, Palestine
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- Palestine Land Society
- Summary
- With Palestinian historian and Nakba survivor Salman Abu Sitta, we reconstructed his birthplace, the village of al-Ma’in, to explore the story of its occupation and demolition by Zionist forces on 14 May 1948, and the settlements constructed on its ruins. Through al-Ma'in, we can view the continuation of the Nakba of 1948 through to the genocide of 2023.
I.111 The Massacre at Tur Al-Zagh: Al-Dawayima, 29 October 1948
- Date of Incident
- 29 Oct 1948
- Location
- Al-Dawayima, Palestine
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- In Partnership With
- Palestine Land Society
- Summary
- In collaboration with Palestine Land Society and working first-hand with Palestinian survivors of the 1948 Nakba, FA has uncovered new evidence related to a major massacre carried out by Israeli forces on 29 Oct 1948 in the village of al-Dawayima.
I.107 German Colonial Genocide in Namibia: Swakopmund
- Date of Incident
- 1904 – 1908
- Location
- Swakopmund, Namibia
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- In Partnership With
- Nama Traditional Leaders Association (NTLA), Ovaherero Traditional Authority (OTA)
- Summary
- During their genocidal campaign against the indigenous Ovaherero and Nama, German colonial troops established concentration camps across today’s Namibia. The largest was in the port town of Swakopmund, a logistics hub built by forced labour. Working with local activists, we reconstructed the town as it was at that time, revealing the location of Swakopmund's concentration camp for the first time.
I.106 Chemical Fire at Marathon Refinery
- Date of Incident
- 24 Aug 2023 – 28 Aug 2023
- Location
- Garyville, Louisiana, USA
- Forums
- Media, Web Platform
- In Partnership With
- The Guardian, Earthjustice, Healthy Gulf, Louisiana Bucket Brigade, The Descendants Project, Boundless Community Action
- Summary
- When a leaking petrochemical tank at the Marathon Petroleum refinery in Louisiana’s ‘Cancer Alley’ caught fire, it produced a thick plume of toxic smoke that spread for miles over neighbouring communities. Authorities claimed that nearby residents were unaffected, even as reports of severe health impacts emerged. Fearing a cover-up, some of those residents asked FA to investigate.
SP.104 The Killing of Hind Rajab · Supported Project ↗
- Date of Incident
- 29 Jan 2024
- Location
- Gaza City, Gaza
- Forums
- Media
- Commissioned By
- Al Jazeera
- Summary
- On 29 January 2024, in Gaza City, Hind Rajab, a six-year-old Palestinian girl, pleaded over the phone for emergency workers to rescue her from a bullet-ridden car. Her body was found two weeks later, alongside the bodies of six of her family members. FA was asked by Al Jazeera’s Fault Lines to investigate the circumstances of their killing.
I.103 The Grenfell Tower Fire: Situated Testimonies
- Date of Incident
- 14 Jun 2017
- Location
- Grenfell Tower, North Kensington, London
- Forums
- Citizens' Tribunal, Media
- Commissioned By
- A coalition of lawyers representing bereaved families, survivors and affected local residents
- Summary
- The Grenfell Tower Fire was a generational tragedy for London and the UK, ultimately claiming 72 lives. Using a technique called 'situated testimony', we produced seven video interviews with bereaved family members, survivors, and nearby residents, aided by a 3D model of the tower and its surrounding environment. These interviews were screened for the first time as part of Grenfell Testimony Week.
I.99 An Assessment of Visual Material Presented by the Israeli Legal Team at the ICJ
- Date of Incident
- 12 Jan 2024
- Location
- —
- Forums
- Legal Process
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Forensic Architecture’s analysis of the visual material presented by the Israeli legal team at the ICJ hearing on 12 January 2024 found multiple instances of misrepresentation, mislabelling, and misleading descriptions.
Israeli Disinformation: al-Ahli Hospital
- Date
- 17 Oct 2023
- Summary
- The devastating explosion at the al-Ahli hospital came to epitomise the information war surrounding Israel’s post-7 October invasion of Gaza. Working from open source evidence, we used techniques including 3D trajectory analysis to disprove fundamental claims made by Israel about the cause of the blast.
I.96 The Killing of Sammy Baker
- Date of Incident
- 13 Aug 2020
- Location
- Amsterdam-West, Netherlands
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media
- In Partnership With
- Argos (VPRO)
- Summary
- 23-year-old Sammy went to Amsterdam to celebrate his birthday with friends. Three days later, after an episode of mental health crisis, Sammy was shot to death by police, who claim he threatened them with a knife. At the request of Sammy's family, FA and Forensis examined the video evidence and police testimony, while reconstructing Sammy's body position at the moment of the shots.
SP.91 Fire in Moria Refugee Camp · Supported Project ↗
- Date of Incident
- 08 Sep 2020
- Location
- Lesvos, Greece
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition, Media
- Commissioned By
- Lawyers for the Moria 6
- Summary
- The fire which destroyed the Moria refugee camp on the Greek island of Lesvos was at least the 247th outbreak to have occurred in and around the overcrowded camp since 2013. Six young asylum seekers who came to be known as the 'Moria 6' were accused of arson and jailed. FA and Forensis reconstructed the fire’s spread, casting significant doubt on the basis for those convictions.
Shireen Abu Akleh: The Extrajudicial Killing of a Journalist | Extended Report
- Date
- 11 May 2022
- Summary
- This comprehensive written report supports our investigation into our joint investigation with Al-Haq's FAI Unit into the killing of journalist Shireen Abu Akleh, detailing the methodologies we employed and including a step-by-step breakdown of the visual, audio and spatial analysis we undertook to come to each of our investigation’s conclusions.
I.87 Shireen Abu Akleh: The Extrajudicial Killing of a Journalist
- Date of Incident
- 11 May 2022
- Location
- Jenin, Palestine
- Forums
- Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report
- In Partnership With
- Al-Haq, Al Haq’s Forensic Architecture Investigation Unit
- Summary
- On 11 May 2022, while reporting on a raid by Israeli occupying forces on the Jenin refugee camp, Palestinian journalist Shireen Abu Akhleh was fatally shot by a convoy of IOF military vehicles. With Al-Haq, we showed that she and her colleagues were explicitly targeted in an unprovoked attack by an IOF marksman despite being identifiable as press, and that she was deliberately denied medical aid.
I.84 Gold Mining and Violence in the Amazon Rainforest
- Date of Incident
- 2019 – Ongoing
- Location
- Yanomami Territory
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- The Climate Litigation Accelerator (CLX)
- Summary
- This investigation demonstrates how the Bolsonaro administration’s policies led directly to a rapid spread of destructive gold mining in the Brazilian Amazon and increasing violence against Indigenous communities.
I.83 Sheikh Jarrah: Ethnic Cleansing in Jerusalem
- Date of Incident
- 12 May 2021
- Location
- Sheikh Jarrah, Jerusalem
- Forums
- Media
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- This interactive urban narrative explains the ways in which Palestinian families in Sheikh Jarrah are being forcibly displaced, and their struggle with Israeli courts and settler groups. The story traverses multiple scales starting from homes invaded by settlers, and moves to the street, neighbourhood, city and the land, showing how colonial practices and apartheid planning displace Palestinians.
I.82 Russian Strike on the Kyiv TV Tower
- Date of Incident
- 01 Mar 2022
- Location
- Kyiv, Ukraine
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- In Partnership With
- The Center for Spatial Technologies (CST)
- Summary
- The Russian strike on the Kyiv TV tower and the site of Babyn Yar on 1 March 2022 resulted in civilian casualties and urban destruction—but it also pierced through layers of historical strata, exposing a history of violence, genocide and negation that unfolded on the very same ground. This is the first installation in a new long-term collaboration with the Center for Spatial Technologies.
I.79 Living Archaeology in Gaza
- Date of Incident
- 7th Century BCE – Ongoing
- Location
- Gaza
- Forums
- Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report, Media
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Decades of bombings and humanitarian disaster inflicted by the Israeli occupation have posed a constant threat not only to Palestinian lives but also to their cultural heritage. FA has conducted the first open-source excavation of this remarkable archaeological site along Gaza’s coastline, illustrating the myriad risks it faces.
I.75 The Black Boxes of Disappearance: Enforced Disappearance in the Siege of the Palace of Justice
- Date of Incident
- 06 Nov 1985 – 07 Nov 1985
- Location
- Bogotá, Colombia
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition, Media, Truth Commission, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- The Commission for the Clarification of Truth, Coexistence and Non-Repetition of Colombia
- Summary
- Our investigation examines the actions of the Colombian security forces in the aftermath of the 1985 siege of the Palace of Justice that resulted in the enforced disappearance of cafeteria workers, students, visitors, guerrillas, and judges.
I.74 The Murder of Lucas Villa
- Date of Incident
- 05 May 2021
- Location
- Pereira, Colombia
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- Bellingcat, Cerosetenta, Baudo Agencia Pública
- Summary
- On the 5th of May 2021, Lucas Villa, a Colombian student, was shot and fatally wounded in Pereira, Colombia while participating in the National Strike. Our findings suggest Lucas was targeted in a coordinated assassination.
I.66 The Killing of Zineb Redouane
- Date of Incident
- 01 Dec 2018
- Location
- Rue des Feuillants, Marseille
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- Disclose
- Summary
- 80-year-old Zineb Redouane was fatally wounded by a tear gas grenade as she stood at the window of her fourth-floor apartment, as protests continued in the streets outside. A ballistics report cleared the officer who fired the shot of wrongdoing. Working with Disclose, we re-examined the case.
I.56 Cloud Studies
- Date
- 2008 - Ongoing
- Summary
- Toxic clouds colonise the air we breathe.
I.55 The Killing of Muhammad Gulzar
- Date of Incident
- 04 Mar 2020
- Location
- Kastanies/Pazarkule border crossing, Evros/Meriç region
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- Bellingcat, Lighthouse Reports
- Summary
- After Turkey started encouraging refugees and migrants to cross the Evros/Meriç land border into Greece, reports emerged that Greek forces had responded with live fire, causing multiple casualties. Despite Greece’s official denials, we confirmed that live rounds were indeed fired from the Greek side of the border, that several people were wounded, and one person, Muhammad Gulzar, was killed.
I.52 Shipwreck at the Threshold of Europe, Lesvos, Aegean Sea
- Date of Incident
- 28 Oct 2015
- Location
- Aegean Sea, Lesvos
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- The death of more than 40 people off the coast of Lesvos in October 2015 was the single deadliest incident in Europe's 'long summer of migration'. One of the survivors, Amel Alzakout, recorded the shipwreck on a waterproof wrist camera. Her footage provides a unique, situated perspective of this tragic event at the threshold of Europe.
I.48 Oil and Gas Pollution in Vaca Muerta
- Date of Incident
- 02 Jan 2013 – Ongoing
- Location
- Vaca Muerta, Argentina
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- The Guardian
- Summary
- Vaca Muerta is one of the world's largest fossil fuel resources. The 2013 arrival of the international oil and gas industry to the region has irreversibly changed its landscape, inflicting widespread environmental damage. We used satellite images and anthropological reports to investigate the industry's impact upon the traditional ways of life of the indigenous Mapuche people who live there.
I.19 Killing in Umm al-Hiran
- Date of Incident
- 18 Jan 2017
- Location
- Umm al Hiran, Negev/Naqab desert
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- A police raid on an ‘illegalised’ Bedouin village in the Naqab/Negev desert led to the deaths of a local man and an Israeli policeman. Police quickly blamed the man for what they called a ‘terror attack’. In fact, as we exposed, Israeli police had fired unprovoked on an innocent driver, causing him to crash into them.
I.38 Lethal Warning: The killing of Luai Kahil and Amir al-Nimrah
- Date of Incident
- 14 Jul 2018
- Location
- Gaza City, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Media
- Commissioned By
- B’Tselem
- Summary
- Two children died when an Israeli 'warning strike' hit a building in Gaza City. When the Israeli army shared videos of the attack, the strike that killed the teenagers had been removed. Why did the IDF manipulate their own footage? And what does the incident mean for the 'warning strike' policy?
I.36 The Murder of Pavlos Fyssas
- Date of Incident
- 18 Sep 2013
- Location
- Athens, Greece
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media
- Commissioned By
- Lawyers for the Fyssas family
- Summary
- The murder of an anti-fascist rapper by a member of the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn could bring an end to the group's political ambitions. We analysed CCTV and police audio recordings to reconstruct the events of the night. Our evidence, presented to an Athens courtroom, poses difficult questions for the Greek police.
I.29 The Ali Enterprises Factory Fire
- Date of Incident
- 11 Sep 2012
- Location
- Karachi, Pakistan
- Forums
- Legal Process
- Commissioned By
- European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
- Summary
- 260 people died when fire broke out in a factory that made textiles for a German retailer. We exposed failings of regulation and inspection, from overcrowding to a lack of fire escapes, in support of a legal claim against the retailer that could break new ground in corporate responsibility.
I.27 Torture and Detention in Cameroon
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jan 2015 – 01 Jan 2016
- Location
- Far North, Cameroon
- Forums
- Media
- Commissioned By
- Amnesty International
- Summary
- In the US-backed war against Boko Haram, Cameroon’s security forces are detaining and torturing civilians with impunity. Investigating allegations made by survivors from two sites of illegal detention, we found US military personnel living and working in close proximity to sites of torture.
I.21 Airstrikes on the al-Jinah Mosque
- Date of Incident
- 16 Mar 2017
- Location
- al-Jinah, Syria
- Forums
- United Nations, Media
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- When two Hellfire missiles destroyed the Sayidina Omar Ibn al-Khattab mosque during evening prayer, thirty-eight civilians died. Piecing together available videos and aerial imagery, we challenged the Pentagon’s claim that the site was an al-Qaeda meeting house, forcing condemnation from the UN.
I.20 Airstrikes on M2 Hospital
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jun 2016 – 01 Dec 2016
- Location
- Aleppo, Syria
- Forums
- Human Rights Report, Media
- Commissioned By
- Digital Forensic Research Lab, Atlantic Council
- Summary
- Omar Bin Abdul Aziz Hospital was struck fourteen times by munitions fired by the Syrian army, including cluster and barrel bombs. Within a digital model, we corroborated multiple sources of CCTV footage to support claims that Syria and its allies were intentionally targeting civilian hospitals.
I.15 The Bombing of Rafah
- Date of Incident
- 08 Jul 2014 – 26 Aug 2014
- Location
- Rafah, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Exhibition, Human Rights Report, Media
- Commissioned By
- Amnesty International
- Summary
- When an Israeli soldier was captured and taken into the tunnels below Rafah, the full force of Israel’s military was unleashed. Using smartphone footage and satellite imagery, we mapped the destruction as over two thousand munitions were fired into the city in a single day.
I.12 The Killing of Nadeem Nawara and Mohammed Abu Daher
- Date of Incident
- 15 May 2014
- Location
- Beitunia, West Bank, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- Commissioned By
- DCI Palestine
- Summary
- When Israeli military police killed two Palestinian teenagers, the event was recorded by security cameras, US news teams, and photographers. Using that footage, our audio and image analysis exposed a tactic by which Israeli personnel disguise live rounds as rubber-coated ‘non-lethal’ munitions.
I.11 Knock on the Roof: Drone strike in Beit Lahiya
- Date of Incident
- 09 Jan 2009
- Location
- Beit Lahiya, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- United Nations, Exhibition, Media
- Commissioned By
- UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights
- Summary
- An anti-tank missile, fired at the home of the Salha family, left just a small hole in the roof. The bomb that followed three minutes later destroyed the house, killing six people. We interviewed surviving family members and investigated the tactics of the ‘warning shot’.
I.10 Drone Strike in Miranshah
- Date of Incident
- 30 Mar 2012
- Location
- Miranshah, Pakistan
- Forums
- United Nations, Exhibition, Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights
- Summary
- Video footage of the aftermath of a drone strike that killed four people was smuggled across siege lines before being broadcast on MSNBC. We analysed the footage frame-by-frame to confirm the location of the building, the consequences of the strike, and the munition used.
I.3 The Use of White Phosphorus in Urban Environments
- Date of Incident
- 27 Dec 2008 – 18 Jan 2009
- Location
- Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- United Nations
- Commissioned By
- Yesh Gvul, Michael Sfard Law Office
- Summary
- The 2008–2009 conflict saw the use by Israeli forces of white phosphorus, a toxic, flammable and corrosive airborne munition. We analysed the use and effects of the weapon in support of calls to make its use illegal, and presented our report to a 2012 UN convention.
I.2 The Killing of Bassem Abu Rahma
- Date of Incident
- 17 Apr 2009
- Location
- Bil'in, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition
- Commissioned By
- Michael Sfard Law Office, B’Tselem
- Summary
- An unarmed demonstrator was killed by a tear-gas canister fired across the West Bank barrier wall. The army denied it was intentional. We used footage from three cameras to prove that the soldier had intended to kill. Israeli authorities reopened the investigation, but no soldier was ever charged.