I.109 A Cartography of Genocide: Israel's Conduct in Gaza since October 2023
Updated 08 Oct 2025 - Date of Incident
- 07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
- Location
- Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Legal Process, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Since October 2023, we have closely monitored Israel’s military campaign in Gaza and the resulting extensive civilian harm. Comprehensive cartographic analysis, published as a web platform and in-depth report, reveals patterns of violence which indicate a systematic and organised campaign to destroy life, conditions necessary for life, and life-sustaining infrastructure.
I.113 Return to al-Ma'in
- Date of Incident
- 14 May 1948 – Ongoing
- Location
- Al-Ma'in, Palestine
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- Palestine Land Society
- Summary
- With Palestinian historian and Nakba survivor Salman Abu Sitta, we reconstructed his birthplace, the village of al-Ma’in, to explore the story of its occupation and demolition by Zionist forces on 14 May 1948, and the settlements constructed on its ruins. Through al-Ma'in, we can view the continuation of the Nakba of 1948 through to the genocide of 2023.
SP.4 Escaping Libya's Detention Industry · Supported Project ↗
- Date of Incident
- None
- Location
- Libya
- Forums
- Legal Process, Human Rights Report
- An FA-supported project by
- Forensis
- Summary
- Countless migrants and refugees remain trapped in Libya’s network of brutal detention centres, tortured and mistreated. Through interviews with survivors and local experts, Forensis traces the evolution of state-affiliated detention centres out of people-trafficking networks, and their entanglement with EU support.
Israel's Destruction of the Port of Gaza
- Date
- October 2023 – January 2024
- Summary
- Gaza’s historic port was repeatedly attacked and progressively destroyed by Israeli forces between October 2023 and January 2024, along with the majority of Palestinian fishing vessels docked within it. FA was commissioned to establish a timeline of visual evidence of the port’s destruction, including the destruction of two fishing vessels belonging to the Al-Hassi family.
I.110 The Evros/Meriç River: A Century of Border Design
- Date of Incident
- 1926 – 2025
- Location
- Evros/Meriç river, Greece/Turkey
- Forums
- Web Platform
- In Partnership With
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- First drawn a century ago, the border that separates Greece from Turkey along the Evros/Meriç river at the EU’s southeastern frontier is deadlier and more opaque than ever. FA/Forensis built an interactive platform that unpacks this complex and lethal border infrastructure, and examines the present-day condition of the border against the transformation of the river landscape over the past century.
I.100 Humanitarian Violence in Gaza
- Date of Incident
- 07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
- Location
- Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Legal Process, Human Rights Report, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Since 7 October 2023, the Israeli military has abused and weaponised humanitarian measures such as ‘evacuation orders’, ‘safe routes’, and ‘safe zones’ to facilitate the systematic mass displacement of the Palestinian civilian population toward the southern border of Gaza.
I.84 Drift-backs in the Aegean Sea
- Date of Incident
- March 2020 – Ongoing
- Location
- Aegean Sea
- Forums
- Legal Process, Human Rights Report, Media, Parliamentary Inquiry, Web Platform
- In Partnership With
- Forensis
- Summary
- Asylum seekers crossing the Aegean Sea are intercepted within Greek waters or arrested after they arrive on Greek shores, beaten, stripped of their possessions, and then forcefully loaded onto life rafts and left to drift back to the Turkish coast. FA/Forensis verified and mapped evidence for over 2000 such ‘drift-backs’, demonstrating the scale of this violent and illegal border defence practice.
I.97 Destruction of Medical Infrastructure in Gaza
- Date of Incident
- 07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
- Location
- Gaza, Palestine
- Forums
- Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report, Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Since 7 October 2023, we have aggregated news reports of Israeli military attacks on medical infrastructure in Gaza. Our analysis suggests that hospitals in Gaza have been subjected to a pattern of intimidation, direct targeting, siege, and occupation by the Israeli military over the course of the 2023 invasion.
I.95 The Pylos Shipwreck
- Date of Incident
- 13 Jun 2023 – 14 Jun 2023
- Location
- Mediterranean Sea, Greece
- Forums
- Media, Web Platform
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- On 14 June 2023, a boat carrying hundreds of migrants sank inside the Greek search and rescue zone in the Mediterranean Sea—the deadliest migrant shipwreck in recent history. Our digital reconstruction of the boat and mapping of its trajectory reveal inconsistencies in the Hellenic Coast Guard’s (HCG) account and indicate that over 600 people drowned as the result of a failed towing by the HCG.
I.94 Executions and Mass Graves in Tantura, 23 May 1948
- Date of Incident
- 22 May 1948
- Location
- Tantura, Palestine
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media
- Commissioned By
- Adalah Legal Center for Arab Minority Rights
- Summary
- Our investigation reveals new evidence about massacres conducted in the Palestinian village of Tantura by Israeli forces after its occupation on 22-23 May 1948 and subsequent depopulation. Launched on the 75th anniversary of the Nakba, it brings together testimonies and photographic evidence to locate several mass graves in which the victims were buried—including one previously unidentified.
SP.91 Fire in Moria Refugee Camp · Supported Project ↗
- Date of Incident
- 08 Sep 2020
- Location
- Lesvos, Greece
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition, Media
- Commissioned By
- Lawyers for the Moria 6
- Summary
- The fire which destroyed the Moria refugee camp on the Greek island of Lesvos was at least the 247th outbreak to have occurred in and around the overcrowded camp since 2013. Six young asylum seekers who came to be known as the 'Moria 6' were accused of arson and jailed. FA and Forensis reconstructed the fire’s spread, casting significant doubt on the basis for those convictions.
I.78 Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: The Case of Parvin
- Date of Incident
- 01 Feb 2020
- Location
- Evros/Meriç river, Greek-Turkish border
- Forums
- Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report, Media
- Commissioned By
- European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
- Summary
- At Europe’s southeastern river border, migrants report being beaten, detained, and illegally ‘pushed back’ to Turkey from Greece by unidentified masked men. Greek and EU authorities refuse to investigate. We worked with Parvin, a young woman from Iran, to analyse evidence she had gathered during her crossings and reconstruct her journey and experiences of ‘pushback’.
The Case of Kuzey: Evidence
- Date
- 19.10.2020
- Summary
- The case of Kuzey.
I.61 The Killing of Muhammad al-Arab
- Date of Incident
- 02 Mar 2020
- Location
- Evros/Meriç river delta
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media, Parliamentary Inquiry
- In Partnership With
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- When Turkey mobilized refugees and migrants to cross into Greece, reports emerged that Greek forces had responded with live fire, causing casualties. We confirmed that, despite Greece’s denials, automatic rounds were fired from the Greek side of the border and one person, Muhammad al-Arab, was shot dead near a group of armed Greek soldiers.
I.59 Pushbacks in Melilla: ND and NT v. Spain
- Date of Incident
- 13 Aug 2014
- Location
- Melilla, Spain
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media
- In Partnership With
- European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
- Summary
- The case of ND and NT v. Spain was the first trial at the European Court of Human Rights to address pushbacks at Europe’s land borders. The Court’s decision to acquit Spain was based on a gross distortion of facts. Using data from asylum applications and spatial analysis, we demonstrate that no legal routes to ask for protection are available to Black migrants from Sub-Saharan Africa.
I.55 The Killing of Muhammad Gulzar
- Date of Incident
- 04 Mar 2020
- Location
- Kastanies/Pazarkule border crossing, Evros/Meriç region
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- Bellingcat, Lighthouse Reports
- Summary
- After Turkey started encouraging refugees and migrants to cross the Evros/Meriç land border into Greece, reports emerged that Greek forces had responded with live fire, causing multiple casualties. Despite Greece’s official denials, we confirmed that live rounds were indeed fired from the Greek side of the border, that several people were wounded, and one person, Muhammad Gulzar, was killed.
I.52 Shipwreck at the Threshold of Europe, Lesvos, Aegean Sea
- Date of Incident
- 28 Oct 2015
- Location
- Aegean Sea, Lesvos
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- The death of more than 40 people off the coast of Lesvos in October 2015 was the single deadliest incident in Europe's 'long summer of migration'. One of the survivors, Amel Alzakout, recorded the shipwreck on a waterproof wrist camera. Her footage provides a unique, situated perspective of this tragic event at the threshold of Europe.
I.51 Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: The case of Ayşe Erdoğan
- Date of Incident
- 04 May 2019 – 05 May 2019
- Location
- Evros/Meriç river, Greece/Turkey
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media
- In Partnership With
- HumanRights360
- Summary
- Ayşe Erdoğan crossed the Evros/Meriç river into Greece in 2019, fleeing persecution in Turkey. She and two friends recorded their journey. Using messages, location data, photos, and videos, we confirmed they had reached Greece before being ‘pushed back’, and arrested and imprisoned in Turkey.
I.50 Pushbacks Across the Evros/Meriç River: Analysis of video evidence
- Date of Incident
- 17 Sep 2019
- Location
- Evros/Meriç river, Greece/Turkey border
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media
- In Partnership With
- Der Spiegel, HumanRights360
- Summary
- At southeastern Europe’s river border, refugees report being beaten, detained, and illegally ‘pushed back’ to Turkey from Greece by unidentified masked men. Working with Der Spiegel, we analysed the first footage of a pushback in progress, and tried to identify those responsible.
I.46 The Battle of Ilovaisk
- Date of Incident
- 24 Aug 2014 – 03 Sep 2014
- Location
- Ilovaisk, Ukraine
- Forums
- Legal Process, Media
- Commissioned By
- European Human Rights Advocacy Centre (EHRAC)
- Summary
- The victory of pro-Russian separatists over the Ukrainian army in the battle for control of Ilovaisk was a defining moment in the 2014 conflict in eastern Ukraine. We used machine learning to search for evidence of Russian military involvement.
I.45 Herbicidal Warfare in Gaza
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jan 2014 – Ongoing
- Location
- Khan Younes, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Exhibition, Media
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Since 2014, Israeli military bulldozing of agricultural and residential lands along the eastern border of occupied Gaza has been complemented by unannounced aerial spraying of crop-killing herbicides. Piecing together farmer testimonies, satellite imagery, and drift analysis, we investigated the unique destructive signature of a single spraying event in April 2017, along the border in Khan Younes.
I.44 Conquer and Divide
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jan 1967 – Ongoing
- Location
- Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Web Platform
- In Partnership With
- B’Tselem
- Summary
- In 1967, Israel occupied the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. In the five decades that followed, the state of Israel has chipped away at Palestinian space through legislative, legal, and military means, restricting the freedoms of Palestinian civilians, and denying them their rights. In partnership with B'Tselem, we told that story through an interactive, scrolling cartography.
I.40 The Killing of Rouzan al-Najjar
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jun 2018
- Location
- Khuzaa, Gaza
- Forums
- Media
- In Partnership With
- The New York Times
- Summary
- Amid the chaos and violence of the Great March of Return, a young Palestinian medic is struck and killed by a sniper's bullet. Together with the New York Times we used photogrammetry, video analysis, and figure modelling to locate the victim among the crowd at the moment she was shot, and traced a line of fire back to a sand berm on the Israeli side of the border fence.
I.32 Sea Watch vs the Libyan Coastguard · With Forensic Oceanography
- Date of Incident
- 06 Nov 2017
- Location
- Mediterranean Sea
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- When the Libyan coastguard interrupted a rescue operation by the NGO Sea Watch, at least twenty migrants lost their lives, and more were ‘pulled back’ to inhumane detention in Libya. Forensic Oceanography shone a light on the practices of a coastguard funded and trained by the Italian government.
I.31 The Seizure of the Iuventa · With Forensic Oceanography
- Date of Incident
- 02 Aug 2017
- Location
- Mediterranean Sea
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- The Iuventa has rescued over ten thousand people from the Mediterranean since it began operating in 2016. When the vessel was impounded by Italian authorities under suspicion of collusion with people smugglers, we used video evidence and meteorological data to refute the allegations.
I.17 Death By Rescue: The lethal effects of non-assistance at sea · Forensic Oceanography
- Date of Incident
- 12 Apr 2015 – 18 Apr 2015
- Location
- Mediterranean Sea
- Forums
- Exhibition, Human Rights Report
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- Changing EU policies toward the rescue of migrants resulted in over a thousand deaths in the Mediterranean in the space of one week. Working with survivors and available shipping data, we recreated the incidents and explored the consequences of making rescue vessels out of commercial ships.
I.15 The Bombing of Rafah
- Date of Incident
- 08 Jul 2014 – 26 Aug 2014
- Location
- Rafah, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Exhibition, Human Rights Report, Media
- Commissioned By
- Amnesty International
- Summary
- When an Israeli soldier was captured and taken into the tunnels below Rafah, the full force of Israel’s military was unleashed. Using smartphone footage and satellite imagery, we mapped the destruction as over two thousand munitions were fired into the city in a single day.
I.1 Stopping the Wall in Battir
- Date of Incident
- 01 Jan 2012 – 01 Jan 2015
- Location
- Battir, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Legal Process
- Commissioned By
- Michael Sfard Law Office
- Summary
- Israel’s separation wall in the West Bank threatened to destroy historic Palestinian farmland. We supported human rights lawyers to build a pioneering—and successful—legal argument on environmental and heritage grounds.
I.4 The Left-to-Die Boat · Forensic Oceanography
- Date of Incident
- 27 Mar 2011 – 10 Apr 2011
- Location
- Mediterranean Sea
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition
- Commissioned By
- Self-Initiated
- Summary
- A migrants’ boat was left drifting for two weeks in NATO-monitored waters, its presence known to the Italian coastguard and other nearby vessels. Sixty-three people died. Using an array of sensing technologies—thermal cameras, radar, and tracking—Forensic Oceanography mapped the path of the boat.
I.2 The Killing of Bassem Abu Rahma
- Date of Incident
- 17 Apr 2009
- Location
- Bil'in, Occupied Palestinian Territories
- Forums
- Legal Process, Exhibition
- Commissioned By
- Michael Sfard Law Office, B’Tselem
- Summary
- An unarmed demonstrator was killed by a tear-gas canister fired across the West Bank barrier wall. The army denied it was intentional. We used footage from three cameras to prove that the soldier had intended to kill. Israeli authorities reopened the investigation, but no soldier was ever charged.