Forensic Architecture

I.121  Airstrikes on Minab Primary School

Date of Incident
28 Feb 2026
Location
Shajareh Tayyebeh School, Minab, Iran
Forums
Media
Commissioned By
Full Story Films
Summary
At least 121 children were killed at their primary school in the city of Minab on the first day of the 2026 US-Israeli war against Iran. Following calls from bereaved families and working with Sky News, we reconstructed the circumstances surrounding the airstrikes that claimed their lives.

I.119  The Ceasefire in Gaza

Updated 23 Jan 2026
Date of Incident
10 Oct 2025 – Ongoing
Location
Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
Web Platform
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
We have continued to monitor Israel’s conduct in Gaza since the ceasefire came into effect on 10 October 2025. Gaza is now defined by the ‘yellow line’ which divides it in two and places more than 50% of its land under Israeli military control. Our evidence suggests that Israel is making this line permanent, as ‘reconstruction’ plans normalise this new stage of Israel’s occupation.

I.109  A Cartography of Genocide: Israel's Conduct in Gaza since October 2023

Updated 08 Oct 2025
Date of Incident
07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
Location
Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
Legal Process, Web Platform
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
Since October 2023, we have closely monitored Israel’s military campaign in Gaza and the resulting extensive civilian harm. Comprehensive cartographic analysis, published as a web platform and in-depth report, reveals patterns of violence which indicate a systematic and organised campaign to destroy life, conditions necessary for life, and life-sustaining infrastructure.

I.108  'When it Stopped Being a War': The Situated Testimony of Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah

Updated 19 Sep 2025
Date of Incident
17 Oct 2023
Location
Al-Ahli Hospital, Gaza City
Forums
Exhibition, Media
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
On 17 October 2023, a massive explosion at al-Ahli Hospital in Gaza City killed hundreds of civilians sheltering in a courtyard. Together with Dr Ghassan Abu-Sittah, a reconstructive surgeon working in the hospital when the blast occurred, we reconstructed the strike and its consequences.

I.116  The Architecture of Genocidal Starvation

Date of Incident
18 Mar 2025 – 01 Aug 2025
Location
Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
United Nations, Parliamentary Inquiry
In Partnership With
World Peace Foundation
Summary
A ceasefire is not enough. The Israeli military’s weaponisation of aid and starvation to displace and destroy Palestinian society will not stop as long as Israel controls aid distribution. We show how Israel has imposed a deadly aid system through GHF ration stations, while dismantling a proven civilian-led model, to concentrate Palestinians in Rafah and push Gazan society toward collapse.

Israel's Destruction of the Port of Gaza

Date
October 2023 – January 2024
Summary
Gaza’s historic port was repeatedly attacked and progressively destroyed by Israeli forces between October 2023 and January 2024, along with the majority of Palestinian fishing vessels docked within it. FA was commissioned to establish a timeline of visual evidence of the port’s destruction, including the destruction of two fishing vessels belonging to the Al-Hassi family.

I.102  Airstrike in Tel al-Sultan: Israel attacks its own ‘humanitarian zones’

Date
24 May 2024 – 26 May 2024
Summary
An Israeli airstrike on a tent camp filled with displaced civilians west of Rafah prompted outrage, since the attack killed at least 45 people in an area previously declared 'safe' by Israeli social media posts and leaflets. Here, we highlight how Israel's inconsistent and contradictory guidance leaves international media confused, and Palestinian civilians exposed to mortal danger.

I.101  ‘No traces of life’: Israel’s Ecocide in Gaza 2023-2024

Date of Incident
07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
Location
Gaza
Forums
Legal Process, Media
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
Since October 2023, the Israeli military has systematically targeted agricultural land and infrastructure in Gaza. Marking the occasion of Land Day in Palestine, our investigation reveals that the widespread destruction of orchards and greenhouses in Gaza is a deliberate act of ecocide that supports Israel’s genocidal campaign.

I.100  Humanitarian Violence in Gaza

Date of Incident
07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
Location
Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
Legal Process, Human Rights Report, Web Platform
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
Since 7 October 2023, the Israeli military has abused and weaponised humanitarian measures such as ‘evacuation orders’, ‘safe routes’, and ‘safe zones’ to facilitate the systematic mass displacement of the Palestinian civilian population toward the southern border of Gaza.

I.99  An Assessment of Visual Material Presented by the Israeli Legal Team at the ICJ

Date of Incident
12 Jan 2024
Location
—
Forums
Legal Process
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
Forensic Architecture’s analysis of the visual material presented by the Israeli legal team at the ICJ hearing on 12 January 2024 found multiple instances of misrepresentation, mislabelling, and misleading descriptions.

Israeli Disinformation: al-Ahli Hospital

Date
17 Oct 2023
Summary
The devastating explosion at the al-Ahli hospital came to epitomise the information war surrounding Israel’s post-7 October invasion of Gaza. Working from open source evidence, we used techniques including 3D trajectory analysis to disprove fundamental claims made by Israel about the cause of the blast.

I.97  Destruction of Medical Infrastructure in Gaza

Date of Incident
07 Oct 2023 – Ongoing
Location
Gaza, Palestine
Forums
Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report, Media, Web Platform
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
Since 7 October 2023, we have aggregated news reports of Israeli military attacks on medical infrastructure in Gaza. Our analysis suggests that hospitals in Gaza have been subjected to a pattern of intimidation, direct targeting, siege, and occupation by the Israeli military over the course of the 2023 invasion.

SP.1  A City Within a Building: The Mariupol Drama Theatre · Supported Project ↗

Date of Incident
24 Feb 2022 – 16 Mar 2022
Location
Donetsk Academic Regional Drama Theatre, Mariupol, Ukraine
Forums
Media
An FA-supported project by
The Center for Spatial Technologies (CST), Forensis
Summary
Before it was destroyed by a Russian airstrike, the Mariupol Theater was not only a key refuge in the besieged city but a unique site of solidarity and resistance. Working with Forensis and FA, the Center for Spatial Technologies assembled a vast archive of evidence and interviewed survivors of the strike to tell the story of a self-organised commune: a city within a building.

I.82  Russian Strike on the Kyiv TV Tower

Date of Incident
01 Mar 2022
Location
Kyiv, Ukraine
Forums
Exhibition, Media
In Partnership With
The Center for Spatial Technologies (CST)
Summary
The Russian strike on the Kyiv TV tower and the site of Babyn Yar on 1 March 2022 resulted in civilian casualties and urban destruction—but it also pierced through layers of historical strata, exposing a history of violence, genocide and negation that unfolded on the very same ground. This is the first installation in a new long-term collaboration with the Center for Spatial Technologies.

I.80  The Shelling of Khudair Warehouse: Chemical Warfare by Indirect Means

Date of Incident
15 May 2021
Location
Gaza, Palestine
Forums
Legal Process, Media
In Partnership With
Al-Haq
Summary
Marking the launch of Al-Haq’s Forensic Architecture Investigation Unit based in Ramallah, we examined the circumstances of the 15 May 2021 Israeli bombing of the Khudair Pharmaceuticals and Agricultural Tools Company in Beit Lahiya—the largest agricultural chemical warehouse in Gaza—as part of the environmental disaster imposed on Palestinians.

I.79  Living Archaeology in Gaza

Date of Incident
7th Century BCE – Ongoing
Location
Gaza
Forums
Legal Process, United Nations, Human Rights Report, Media
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
Decades of bombings and humanitarian disaster inflicted by the Israeli occupation have posed a constant threat not only to Palestinian lives but also to their cultural heritage. FA has conducted the first open-source excavation of this remarkable archaeological site along Gaza’s coastline, illustrating the myriad risks it faces.

I.71  European Arms in the Bombing of Yemen

Date of Incident
26 Mar 2015 – Ongoing
Location
Yemen
Forums
Legal Process, Exhibition, Human Rights Report, Web Platform
Commissioned By
European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR)
Summary
Since 2015, airstrikes by the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen have constituted grave human rights violations. Partners across the Investigative Commons developed an interactive map to reveal the extent to which arms producers and governments in Europe continue to profit from arms exports despite evidence of their substantial contribution to the military operations of the Saudi-led coalition in Yemen.

I.38  Lethal Warning: The killing of Luai Kahil and Amir al-Nimrah

Date of Incident
14 Jul 2018
Location
Gaza City, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
Media
Commissioned By
B’Tselem
Summary
Two children died when an Israeli 'warning strike' hit a building in Gaza City. When the Israeli army shared videos of the attack, the strike that killed the teenagers had been removed. Why did the IDF manipulate their own footage? And what does the incident mean for the 'warning strike' policy?

I.34  Chemical Attacks in Douma

Date of Incident
07 Apr 2018
Location
Douma, Syria
Forums
Media
Commissioned By
The New York Times
Summary
Allegations of chemical attacks lead inevitably to conflict and discord on social media, and competing claims from reporters and politicians around the world. Working with the New York Times, we developed innovative new techniques to help cut through the confusion with material facts.

I.21  Airstrikes on the al-Jinah Mosque

Date of Incident
16 Mar 2017
Location
al-Jinah, Syria
Forums
United Nations, Media
Commissioned By
Self-Initiated
Summary
When two Hellfire missiles destroyed the Sayidina Omar Ibn al-Khattab mosque during evening prayer, thirty-eight civilians died. Piecing together available videos and aerial imagery, we challenged the Pentagon’s claim that the site was an al-Qaeda meeting house, forcing condemnation from the UN.

I.20  Airstrikes on M2 Hospital

Date of Incident
01 Jun 2016 – 01 Dec 2016
Location
Aleppo, Syria
Forums
Human Rights Report, Media
Commissioned By
Digital Forensic Research Lab, Atlantic Council
Summary
Omar Bin Abdul Aziz Hospital was struck fourteen times by munitions fired by the Syrian army, including cluster and barrel bombs. Within a digital model, we corroborated multiple sources of CCTV footage to support claims that Syria and its allies were intentionally targeting civilian hospitals.

I.23  Chemical Attack in Khan Sheikhoun

Date of Incident
04 Apr 2017
Location
Khan Sheikhoun, Syria
Forums
Human Rights Report, Media
Commissioned By
Human Rights Watch
Summary
The truth of an apparent chemical attack in the Syrian town of Khan Sheikhoun quickly became obscured behind allegations and counter-allegations. With Human Rights Watch, we investigated what the precise dimensions of the impact crater could tell us about the munition that had caused it.

I.22  Airstrikes on al-Hamidiah Hospital

Date of Incident
15 Feb 2016
Location
al-Hamidiah, Syria
Forums
Exhibition, Human Rights Report, Media
Commissioned By
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)
Summary
When twenty-five people were killed when a hospital operated by Médicins Sans Frontières was struck by two air strikes, both the Russian and Syrian governments denied responsibility. By locating and analysing multiple video sources, we attempted to assign responsibility for the attacks.

I.16  Airstrikes in Atimah

Date of Incident
08 Mar 2015
Location
Atimah, Syria
Forums
Exhibition, Media
Commissioned By
Airwars
Summary
When three bombs landed at the edge of a camp where more than thirty thousand internally-displaced people were sheltered, nobody claimed responsibility. Using available satellite and smartphone imagery, we determined the location of the strikes, and other information about the munitions.

I.15  The Bombing of Rafah

Date of Incident
08 Jul 2014 – 26 Aug 2014
Location
Rafah, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
Exhibition, Human Rights Report, Media
Commissioned By
Amnesty International
Summary
When an Israeli soldier was captured and taken into the tunnels below Rafah, the full force of Israel’s military was unleashed. Using smartphone footage and satellite imagery, we mapped the destruction as over two thousand munitions were fired into the city in a single day.

I.13  The Gaza Platform: Israel's 2014 offensive

Date of Incident
08 Jul 2014 – 26 Aug 2014
Location
Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
Web Platform
Commissioned By
Amnesty International
Summary
Over 2000 people died in under 2 months during the Israeli assault on Gaza. Working with local and international NGOs, we built a platform to map almost 3000 individual events, creating a public repository of testimony and data about the offensive—and a template for documenting future conflicts.

I.7  The Drone Strikes Platform

Date of Incident
01 Nov 2014 – 01 Nov 2014
Location
Federally Administered Tribal Area, Pakistan
Forums
United Nations, Media, Web Platform
Commissioned By
Bureau of Investigative Journalism
Summary
Civilian homes were the target of sixty-one percent of all reported drone strikes conducted by the CIA in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas between 2004 and 2014. We turned a database of those strikes, compiled by the Bureau of Investigative Journalism, into an interactive cartography.

I.11  Knock on the Roof: Drone strike in Beit Lahiya

Date of Incident
09 Jan 2009
Location
Beit Lahiya, Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
United Nations, Exhibition, Media
Commissioned By
UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights
Summary
An anti-tank missile, fired at the home of the Salha family, left just a small hole in the roof. The bomb that followed three minutes later destroyed the house, killing six people. We interviewed surviving family members and investigated the tactics of the ‘warning shot’.

I.10  Drone Strike in Miranshah

Date of Incident
30 Mar 2012
Location
Miranshah, Pakistan
Forums
United Nations, Exhibition, Media, Web Platform
Commissioned By
UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights
Summary
Video footage of the aftermath of a drone strike that killed four people was smuggled across siege lines before being broadcast on MSNBC. We analysed the footage frame-by-frame to confirm the location of the building, the consequences of the strike, and the munition used.

I.8  Drone Strikes on a Jirga in Datta Khel

Date of Incident
16 Mar 2011 – 17 Mar 2011
Location
Dhatta Khel, Pakistan
Forums
United Nations, Media
Commissioned By
UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights
Summary
A strike on a community gathering in Datta Khel, Pakistan, killed at least forty-three civilians. We cross-referenced witness statements, local press reports and satellite imagery to construct a picture of what had taken place.

I.9  Drone Strike in Mir Ali

Date of Incident
04 Oct 2010
Location
Mir Ali, Pakistan
Forums
United Nations, Exhibition
Commissioned By
UN Special Rapporteur on Counter Terrorism and Human Rights
Summary
A drone strike killed five people in their home. One woman and her infant son survived. We reconstructed the home and investigated aspects of the strike and its aftermath, using digital models to unlock new memories in the witness.

I.3  The Use of White Phosphorus in Urban Environments

Date of Incident
27 Dec 2008 – 18 Jan 2009
Location
Gaza, Occupied Palestinian Territories
Forums
United Nations
Commissioned By
Yesh Gvul, Michael Sfard Law Office
Summary
The 2008–2009 conflict saw the use by Israeli forces of white phosphorus, a toxic, flammable and corrosive airborne munition. We analysed the use and effects of the weapon in support of calls to make its use illegal, and presented our report to a 2012 UN convention.